Electoral College System Essays -- Political Science

Analyze criticism of the Electoral College agreement and the alleged advantages and disadvantages of various reform suggestions.The Electoral College is a system in which the individual ballotingr does not actually vote directly for the chairperson. When a person votes they are voting for an elector that has pledged their vote or allegiance to the running party. The Framers realized that without widespread communications available at the time and with other varying factors an each vote counts or the popular vote system would not be practical. Because of this they formed the Electoral College system, Under Article II of the US Constitution, although this system was never called this in the Article. This system has survived for over cc years, with only two changes to it. These would be Amendment 12, and 23 of US Constitution. many an(prenominal) people have throughout the years said that the Electoral College is antiquated and needs to be changed, where as many others defended the Electoral College system.Some people believe the Electoral College system have many flaws, these can include electing a minority prexy, treasonable Electors, the Electoral College causing a decline in voter turnout, the inequality of votes from large to small states, and the disadvantages for third parties.One large issue is that a president could be elected without the countries popular vote. One way this can happen is if three or more parties run splitting the Electoral votes so no one party can receive the majority of the votes. This has happened in 1824 and almost happened in 1948, and in 1968. If this does happen Amendment 12 states that the U.S. House of Representatives would then select the president from the top three. Another big issue is Electors t... ...at would like the votes to be split between parties.One of the last proposed changes is the drop two Electoral votes. In this proposal each states Electoral votes would be equal to their state Representatives. This sy stem would function the same but just remove two Electoral votes from each state. This would unflustered allow small states to over represent but would lessen the effects.Even though the Electoral College system has many flaws, it has worked for well over 200 years. Many people feel that the system is old and needs to be updated but the system was well thought out by the Framers.Refhttp//www.fec.gov/pdf/eleccoll.pdfhttp//www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Electoral_Collegehttp//jceb.co.jackson.mo.us/fun_stuff/electoral_college.htmhttp//www.ksg.harvard.edu/case/3pt/electoral.htmlpro

What September 11, 2001 Has Meant To Me :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

On September 11, 2001 our Nation sat and watched in fear and horror as unknown assailants attacked the American people on our own soil, a feat that has not been seen since World War II. The atrocities of this day have evoked an abundance of overwhelming emotions that have spread through tabu the earth like wild fire. The diversity of my emotions is still pulling me in several different directions, making it difficult for me to place a meaning to September 11, 2001. I like the rest of America watch as countries throughout the world lend support and aid to our country. I watch these events unfold with great pluck and relief as foreign nations bond together and aid us in order to fight a common foe. If nothing else good comes out of this atrocity at least we have proved that the majority of this world can come together and work as one.My pride at watch this world come together is not totally felt as I observe our home front. I have spent my entire demeanor traveling this world and f or the past ten years have continued that travel as a member of the U.S. Navy. My one regret is the fact that at times I am embarrassed to call myself an American, for in no other country does it take over four thousand deaths and mass desolation for a people to find pride in their Nation. I am disgusted with our Nations sudden patriotic values and ashamed. What have we been teaching our children for the past 20 years? As with so many others my strongest emotion is fear. Fear for what we are getting into and fear that our newly found Americans will prove history right. This is a war to the likes that no one has ever seen and I dont think Americans, to no fault of their own, realize the true extent of what we are dealing with. I have learned and experienced so many things as a member of the Armed forces. It is this knowledge that every sailor and soldier analogous has that allows me to see just how horrific this war could be.

Alcohol and its effects Essay -- essays research papers fc

alcoholic beverage is a large part of American culture. All everywhere the United States alcoholism is not only acceptable but a social norm from teenagers to adults. This is not only the case in the U.S., but all told over the world, where some drinking ages ar 18 and 19 years of age. In America specifically, alcohol has been around for centuries and is a large part of many an(prenominal) social gatherings. Although this is the case now, in the early 1900s during the prohibition period, all alcohol was banned and deemed illegal to possess. Even though illegal, the task was just in addition heavy and alcohol was too much a common practice for most Americans. As time went on the prohibition period ended and the laws were revoked, devising it legal again to possess alcohol. The drinking related problems that were around during prohibition pale in comparison to the problems alcohol has caused since then. Many people wonder if kids are drinking earlier and earlier and they feel t he drinking age should be raised. On the other hand many people are against raising the drinking age, mainly those whom would be affected by this decision, Americas youth. From its affect on society, including its appeal towards young adults, to the diseases it causes, the problems of alcohol abuse are widespread and in many forms.It is a known fact that many Americans drink alcohol on a weekly basis. Depending on the rate and volume of ingestion, alcohol has many different effectuate on the human body. Light drinking has been proven not to be a problem, and is even considered to be healthy. A glass of Red wine once a day is known to be beneficial to the heart. It helps prevent coronary heart disease by reducing plaque deposits in the arteries surrounding the heart, preventing beginning clotting, piece also helping to dissolve clots that already exist (Rehm 1210). Moderate and heavy drinking is a different story though. When drinking to the point of restrain to heavy consumpti on, there is a greater risk for personal imperfection. Car accidents are not the only causes of injury when under the influence of alcohol. Many incidents of injury are directly related to alcohol consumption including violence, and accidental personal injury. This being said, drunk driving is the main cause of death associated with alcohol consumption (Rehm 1220). Researchers have found that with increased volumes of alcohol consumption on... ...Health and Research World, 1991, 52.This phrase speaks of adolescent alcohol use and abuse. It examines the lack of research done on adolescent health issues and the current knowledge of the consequences of adolescent alcohol consumption. The hold also presents strategies on how to inform and clarify the issues of adolescent alcohol abuse.Brad Mackay, Alcohol Rivals Tobacco for Health Impact WHO, Canadian Medical Association, June 8, 2004, 1778.This article was short but provides a good comparison of alcohol and tobacco. The article pre sents good facts while giving good suggestions for solutions to the rising problems with alcohol.Jurgen Rehm, The Relationship of Average Volume of Alcohol Consumption and Patterns of Drinking to Burden of Disease An Overview, Addiction Research Institute, May 8, 2003, 1209-1228.This article is aimed towards a large study to estimate the global burden of disease attributable to alcohol. The article tries to identify the relationships between average volume consumption, patterns of drinking, disease, and injury outcomes. The article also gives many numbers to back up its points.

How important is Tourism and Agriculture for the Dominican Republic eco

Thesis StatementHow grand is Tourism and Agriculture for the Dominican Republic economy.OutlineAgricultureOne of the etymon of Dominican economy35% labor forceProduces of Dominican Republic are coffee, cacao, tobacco, cotton, rice, beans, potatoes, etc.The Dominican agriculturists are responsible for supplying most of the Dominican food to the tribe.TourismOne of the most important aspects I the Dominican economy.Because of location, Dominicans raft and climate, Dominican Republic is one of the most visited countries in the Caribbean by tourists. too upholds in the social development since they are constantly receiving people from other countries.DraftThe Dominican Republic is a middle-income developing country primarily pendant on agriculture, trade, and services, especially tourism. Although the service sector has late overtaken agriculture as the leading employer of Dominicans, agriculture remains the most important sector in footing of domestic consumption and is in sec ond place in terms of export earnings. Tourism accounts for more(prenominal) than $1 billion in annual earnings. at large(p) Trade Zone earnings and tourism are fasted-growing export sectors. In the following essay I am going to write about how important is tourism and agriculture is for the Dominican Republic Economy.Agriculture has been the economic base of the Dominican Republic from its beginnings, thanks to the globalization, the foreign trade and the persistence to satisfy to the population in agreement with the new international demands, has caused that the recent governments to be directed towards other forms of finances. The citizens also have been very cooperative interchanging agricultural goods and other aboveboard works by the modern commerce, as they are businesses, stores, etc. This reason does not make agriculture less important. The farming sector is responsible in replacing most of foods to the Dominican population which covers 80% of all foods consumed in the D ominican Republic by the small and medium agriculturists. The Dominican Republic recently has signed a free trade agreement with the United States. It is anticipated that the Dominican... ... that if they apply ecotourism and make also a good publicity, it will attract more tourists to the country and make a much more prosper economy. On the other hand the agreement they just signed with the United States will help Dominican Republic as well, since it will inject more money to its country. In Dominican Republic there is a lot of poverty and I think that with this agreement people will get more jobs. They both eco-tourism and agriculture will also help a lot of unemployed people that the country currently has, since there are going to be more jobs available to offer and there is going to be more things to do. Reference nominatehttp//lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/dotoc.html http//www.nationmaster.com/country/dr/Agriculture http//www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/caribbean/dominican_republic /http//www.dominicanrepublic.com/http//kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/afuller/rd-tourism.htmlhttp//aol.countrywatch.com/aol_topic.asp?vCOUNTRY=51&SECTION=APP&TOPIC=SRMAT&TYPE=APPEN

AE response to Alcoholism :: essays research papers

This calendar weeks selections of articles from the AE reader were both interesting and thought provoking. The first article Drinking to get Drunk, details the growing totallyude of binge boozing on college campuses across the country. I thought it was very interesting that 23% of students are frequent binge drinkers whereby frequent binge drinking is operationally defined as those who consumed at least five drinks in a row at one point during any two week period. This is startling number when mooting of my own drinking habits or even the social norms of drinking on this campus. I would be confident in claiming that at Providence College, the percentage of frequent binge drinkers is likely higher than the national percentage. With the social culture of this campus being focused on gatherings that include alcohol, it is hard to demand oneself from a drinking climate. As a student leader on this campus, we are required to program so many alcohol free activities to enhance a dry campus. These efforts go unnoticed and very often are unattended by students because of the competition of the off campus bar scene. Perhaps if the surrounding lodge (ie local bar establishments/package stores, law enforcement officials, attorney generals office) becomes more stringent in enforcing underage drinking regulations, it will become more difficult for underage students on this campus to drink. Or on the flipside, the result could be just as devastating with a shift in drinking off campus to on campus, causing more on campus disciplinary actions. This could be worth it however if it means that students will be drinking in their dorms and in a fairly condom environment unlike our neighboring community. Further examination on this campus is necessary and continues through student congress and Fr. McPhails office. Personally, I dont think the drinking climate will change until the allure of drinking and being drunk is discouraged and students develop a mature sense of what is cool.The second article The Drug that Pretends it Isnt is also an article related to alcohol and the nasty consequences of drinking on our society. The article opens with the giggle of Jamaica, the trendy spring break naughty spot that many college students flock to. A policy research group called Drug Strategies produced a report that calls alcohol Americas most permeating drug problem, which is sadly true. What shocked me was the claim that alcohol-related deaths outnumber deaths related to drugs four to one alcohol is a factor in more than half of all domestic-violence and sexual assault cases.

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Guilt is a very voiceless and uncomfortable feeling that often results from ones own actions. This strong emotion is one of the theme ideas in William Shakespeare, Macbeth. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth feel guilt, unless they react in different ways. Guilt hardens Macbeth, but cause Lady Macbeth to commit suicide. As Macbeth shrives to success guilt overcomes Macbeth where he crapper no longer think straight. Initially Macbeth planned was to kill Duncan but it wasnt enough he also had to kill Banquo and Macduffs family. On the opposite hand Lady Macbeth had to call upon the weird sister to unsexed her so she had no true feeling towards eitherthing as if she was a man. However, the true guilt of the remove can fall on either Lady Macbeth or Macbeth. Perhaps one of the strongest obvious evidence that show guilt, is how it affects lady Macbeth, how she couldnt handle it any longer, and that was the reason of her death. Lady Macbeth realizes that nothing could ever get rid of the smell of the blood and the guilt caused by all the murders attached by Macbeth. Heres is the smell of blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O, (V, I, 53-55) Its also shown here that she feels responsible for every person her preserve killed. The guilt of Duncans murder can be placed firmly on the hand on Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth wants the murder of Duncan for her own gains. Given the gravel situation, she is hungry for power. The weird sisters predicted that Macbeth would be king. This means that the obvious result would be Lady Macbeth will be queen. Instead of waiting for Duncan to die naturally or to be killed by someone else, she forces the task onto Macbeth. ... ...d her children be murdered. As Macduff reaches England he hears the news and grief and vow revenge upon Macbeth. Although the tragic hero Macbeth physically committed the crime, it was Lady Macbeth that pushed him to his limit s of rational thought and essentially made fun of him to lower his esteem. With Macbeths defenses down, it was an easy task for Lady Macbeth to influence Duncans murder and make up an lighten as to why she could not do it herself. The Quotes and explanations used throughout this essay, built up proof that guilt plays a large role in actuate Macbeth. Guilty feelings were brought out through the characters actions and responses, until the very fatal end were they wishes none of all this ever happened. Works CitedShakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. refreshful York Washington Press, 1992.

The Guilt of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Essay -- William Shakespeare

The Guilt of Macbeth and skirt Macbeth Guilt is a very strong and uneasy feeling that often results from ones own actions. This strong emotion is one of the theme ideas in William Shakespeare, Macbeth. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth feel guilt, but they pit in different ways. Guilt hardens Macbeth, but cause Lady Macbeth to commit suicide. As Macbeth shrives to success guilt overcomes Macbeth where he target no longer think straight. Initially Macbeth planned was to kill Duncan but it wasnt enough he also had to kill Banquo and Macduffs family. On the other make Lady Macbeth had to call upon the weird sister to unsexed her so she had no true feeling towards anything as if she was a man. However, the true guilt of the murder can fall on either Lady Macbeth or Macbeth. Perhaps one of the strongest obvious evidence that show guilt, is how it affects lady Macbeth, how she couldnt handle it any longer, and that was the intellect of her death. Lady Macbeth realizes that nothing coul d ever get rid of the heart of the blood and the guilt caused by all the murders committed by Macbeth. Heres is the smell of blood still. All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. O, O, O, (V, I, 53-55) Its also shown here that she feels responsible for every person her Husband killed. The guilt of Duncans murder can be placed firmly on the hand on Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth wants the murder of Duncan for her own gains. Given the present situation, she is peckish for power. The weird sisters predicted that Macbeth would be king. This means that the obvious result would be Lady Macbeth will be queen. Instead of waiting for Duncan to die naturally or to be killed by someone else, she forces the task onto Macbeth. ... ...d her children be murdered. As Macduff reaches England he hears the news and grief and vow revenge upon Macbeth. Although the tragic hero Macbeth physically committed the crime, it was Lady Macbeth that pushed him to his limits of rational th ought and essentially made fun of him to lower his esteem. With Macbeths defenses down, it was an easy task for Lady Macbeth to influence Duncans murder and make up an excuse as to why she could not do it herself. The Quotes and explanations used throughout this essay, built up proof that guilt plays a large role in motivating Macbeth. felonious feelings were brought out through the characters actions and responses, until the very fatal end were they wishes none of all this ever happened. Works CitedShakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York cap Press, 1992.

Film Critique: Encoding and Decoding

Banshees and Griffin used the critically acclaimed movie theater, The Lion King, as their case study. They decoded that the villainy Is linked to stereotypical traits of male homosexuality. Jamie Blanks encoded meaning Into the record. Blanks encoded Ideology of sexuality, class, and culture. Since the film Is In the execration genre, the film might not be taken serious, thus It may be seem to return little to say roughly actual human transaction and Ideologies. According to the cultural studies model, the cultural artifact Storm Warning Is the text, Its producer IsJamie Blanks, and the readers are all the people that have seen the film since its release. Readers who fucked the film were most likely using dominant readings of the text, they cheered for the couple that were torwork forceted throughout the movie hoping that they would find a way to defeat the Three Bears. Yet, whenever thither are people that like something, there are always critics. The critics of the film use oppositional readings. For example, some readers may have been bothered that the film traumatized how three men living in the middle of nowhere with a boorish epistyle and negative upbringing essential be monsters or animals.The film brings the idea that these men must be murders and rapist because that is the way they grew up thinking. That is almost as if to say that because many African-American grew up in environments that consist of murders and drugs, that they will all levy up to be murders and drug lords. The film made them a victim of their environment. It shows that people living isolated zones must live like animals and do socially unacceptable things like watch animal porn and attempt to rape the first female that comes around.Other oppositional that could be stated is that towards the beginning of the film, the leading lady, is imageed as very(prenominal) distaff. She seemed to be disgusted by the manly things that her male counterpart was doing, she didnt enjoy the brutality of the killing of the fish nor the murder of the Kangaroo. Later, we see a diversify In her, showing more toughness after her boyfriend wasnt doing anything to get them out of this situation as his role says he should. Opposition may view this change as a way of showing that a female doesnt collect a man to help them In situation as they have the mental toughness to help themselves.At the same time, It showed that the boyfriend was Indeed the friendly one. Whether it is intentional or non-intentional. Decoding is the viewers interpretation of the meaning. The decoding varies from viewer to viewer found on individual social and historical upbringing. The manner in which the producers encoded the work acclaimed film, The Lion King, as their case study. They decoded that the villainy is into the film. Blanks encoded ideology of sexuality, class, and culture. Since the film is in the horror genre, the film might not be taken serious, thus it may be seem to eave little to s ay about actual human relations and ideologies.According to the cultural studies model, the cultural artifact Storm Warning is the text, its producer is around. Other oppositional that could be stated is that towards the beginning of by the manly things that her male counterpart was doing, she didnt enjoy the change in her, showing more toughness after her boyfriend wasnt doing anything to change as a way of showing that a female doesnt need a man to help them in situation as they have the mental toughness to help themselves. At the same time, it showed that the boyfriend was indeed the feminine one.

Massimo Vignelli Essay

In this modern day of computers and information technology, creating and plan an amazing object or place will be much easier due to the graphic throw programs that are available to help modern day artist and designers. Nevertheless, it still involves the knowledge, skills, and experience of the designer. The talent of the designer to resurrect a detailed yet beautiful design for a particular object is the one that are being paid for. One of the respected and happy designers in New York is Massimo Vignelli.He dedicated his life in designing and almost involved in various areas that requires his skills in creating and organizing beauty out of nothing. This known designer was born in Milan, Italy. He took up his bachelors degree in architecture at the Milan Polytechnic from 1950 to 1953 before completing it at the Universita di Architettura in Venice where he met his wife, Leila Vignelli. Massimo Vignellis root professional work was at Venini where he used to be a glassware design er. He taught at the Chicago Institute of figure from 1958 up to 1960 while his wife, Leila, worked as an architect for Skidmore, Owing and Merrill in New York.With their intention to still be connected to their homeland, they returned to Milan and open a practice design for design which was named Leila and Massimo Vignelli Office for Design and architecture. In 1965, Vignelli came to Chicago where he arranged a meeting with Ralph Eckerstrom, once a design director at Container mint of America (CCA) and a good friend. In this meeting came the idea of establishing a new design firm. Then, Unimark International was born with its co-founders Vignelli and Eckerstrom.With their similar viewpoints and principles in design, Vignelli and Eckerstrom took the ch completelyenge in the corporate design world. The firms vision combining American marketing techniques with European modernist design within the same organization, creating an international firm that would blend in its strength t hrough the best designs in the world, refinement of communications and educating the American design market. The beginning of Unimark International would not be successful without the mess who believed in the concept of the two founders.Among those people who join the team of Vignelli and Eckerstrom were Bob Noorda, Larry Klein, James Fogelman, Robert Moldafsky, and at that time the respected design specialist Herbert Bayer. In 1971, Massimo Vignelli together with his wife, Leila Vignelli, founded the Vignelli Associates in New York. At the early years of the design firm, they have attained many corporate projects from Knoll, American Airlines, Bloomingdales, Xerox, Lancia, Cinzano, United Colors of Benetton, International Design circle around New York and Ford Motors. Additional contracts from Venini, Steuben, and Sasaki for glassware design were also taken by the firm.Vignelli Associates was also responsible for the design of the showrooms of Artemide and Hauserman. Soon, Vignel li put his attention in designing furniture for Sunar, Posenthal, Morphos and Knoll. Among the well-known works of Vignelli are the Handkerchief Chair and Paper Clip table of Knoll. With the reputation of the Vignelli as a designer of versatility with illustrious design characteristic of clean work and the reputation of using bold lines and pure color in their design, they took the responsibility in designing the New York Subway signage. The Vignelli Associates first design the subway in 1968.Vignelli together with Bob Noorda planned to make a signage based on simple principle of delivering the necessary information to the people through the use of the Helvetica Medium which was then an exotic medium from Switzerland. The New York Standard Medium was used in the design due to the unavailability of the first proposed medium. After four years, Vignelli proposed a new design of the New York subway that replaced his previous work. This time, no more obscured angle of train routes inste ad all angles are set to 45 and 90 degree angle. Each stop was represent by a dot and each train line was represented by a color.The final work was a beauty of design art yet it still taken geographical correctness. Internationally, Massimo Vignellis works were make to various museums and art galleries. Among the notable museums and galleries that houses Vignellis work are the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York. His works can also be seen at the Musee des Arts Decoratifs in Montreal and at Die Neue Sammlung in Munich. He also became a lecturer in design at post-mortem examination universities in the United States. Vignelli assumed many positions in various organizations in the US.These include the American Institute of Graphic Arts (AIGA) and the Alliance Graphique Internationale as chairwoman in both organizations. He was also the past vice president of the Architectural League in the US and a member of the Industrial Desig ners fraternity of America (IDSA). Vignellis work was also been aired worldwide through the two feature-length television programs. A Europe tour of his work between 1989 and 1993 award some places to discover and see his magnificent art works. Vignelli received many awards and appreciation for his art works.Among Vignellis many awards are as follows Gran Premio Triennale di Milano (1964), Compasso dOro (1964, 1998) from the Italian Association for Industrial Design, Industrial Arts Medal of the American Institute of Architects (1973), Visionary Award from the Museum of Art and Design (2004), and the most recent is the Architecture Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2005. His latest work was the e-book entitled The Vignelli Canon which was released in January 2009. The copy of this modern version of Vignellis work can be downloaded for free from his website.ReferencesArt Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work. Retrieved April 5, 2009 http//www.a dcglobal.org/archive/hof/1982/?id=255Massimo Vignelli of vignelli associates. Designboom (2000). Retrieved April 6, 2009 http//www.designboom.com/eng/interview/vignelli.htmlUnimark International. Retrieved April 6, 2009 http//www.unimark-international.com/beginnings1.htmlbeginnings1

Financial Analysis of Axis Bank

CORPORATE FINANCE END TERM PROJECT To con the Financials of ICICI bank, HDFC bank and axis bank and to conduct Comparative Financial synopsis among them. UNDER THE GUIDANCE Dr. ASHISH GARG PROGRAM COORDINATOR PGDM (FINANCE) Submitted byJanmey Patel (202) Nikhil Arora (206) Shashank Mohore (228) Aniket Gupta (229) Parandeep Singh Chawla (231) TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview of Indian lodgeing Industry4 Types of commercialized blaspheme4 frequent Sector vernacular4 snobbish Sector avow4 Foreign imprecate4 Regional Rural Banks4 Overview of ICICI Bank 5Overview of axis Bank 5 Overview of HDFC Bank 5 Stock summary6 furnish & Risk Analysis7 Calculations7 Terms7 Risk7 Return7 Risk & Returns Figures8 Covariance & Correlations8 Terms8 Correlation Effect8 Covariance & Correlation Figures8 Portfolio Variance & precedent Deviation9 Portfolio Return Figures9 Portfolio Risk Figures9 follow of Capital10 live of Debt10 Cost of comeliness10 Cost of Debt & Equity Figures10 Weighted Ave rage Cost of Capital Calculations11Comparative Analysis11 Leverages11 Leverage Figures12 Graphical Representation for Leverages12 P/E balance Analysis13 P/E Ratio Figures13 Dividend form _or_ system of government Analysis13 Dividend tolerate and Dividend Payout Ratio14 Conclusions and Inference14 Return14 Risk15 Choice based upon Risk and Return15 Cost of Capital16 Choice Based on Cost of Capital16 PE Ratio Analysis17 Leverage17 Dividend Policy18 Overview of Indian Banking Industry Types of Commercial Bank Public Sector Bank In object lesson of Public Sector banks the major shareholders is Government of India.For example State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Bank of India etc. Private Sector Bank In case of Private Sector Banks the major touchholders are Private Individuals. For example ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC Bank etc. Foreign Bank In case of Foreign Bank the major Shareholders are the foreign entities. For example Standard Chartered Bank, Citi Bank, HSBC etc. Regiona l Rural Banks In case of Regional Banks the major shareholders are Central Government, Concerned State Government and Sponsor Bank in the ratio of 501535.For example Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank etc. Overview of ICICI Bank ICICI (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India) Bank offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corpo commit and retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialized subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking, life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. ICICI bank is the 2nd largest bank in India by assets and 3rd largest bymarket capitalization.Overview of Axis Bank Axis Bank was begun its operations in 1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established. The Bank was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corp oration of India (GIC) and other four PSU insurance companies, i. e. National Insurance party Ltd. , The New India Assurance Company Ltd. , The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. nd United India Insurance Company Ltd. Overview of HDFC Bank HDFC (Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited) bank was amongst the first to receive an approval from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to set up a bank in the private sector, as part of the RBIs liberalization of the Indian Banking Industry in 1994. HDFC Bank is the fifth largest bank in India by assets and the second largest bank bymarket capitalizationas of march 31, 2012. Stock AnalysisBankex (Index tracking the performance of leading banking sector stocks) has grown at a compounded annual range of about 31%. Indias gross domestic product (GDP) growth will make the Indian banking industry the third largest in the world by 2025. In coming years with its assets size poised to touch USD 28,500 billion by the turn of the 2025 from the curre nt asset size of USD 1,350 billion. Return Risk Analysis Calculations 1) The daily stock costs for the 3 banks for the duration of 5 years are taken from Nifty. 2) For the daily stock prices of the market we took the figures for 5 years of Nifty Bank. ) principle for Daily Return Current Stock cost-Previous Stock PricePrevious Stock Prices 4) Average Daily Return is calculated by taking the average of Daily Returns. 5) locution for Annualized Daily Return (1+Average Daily Return)249 1 6) Formula for Beta Covariance(Market, XYZ Bank)Standard DeviationMarket*Standard Deviation(XYZ Bank) 7) Formula for Annualized Standard Deviation (1+Variance(XYZ))249 1 8) Formula for Correlation Covariance(X, Y)Standard DeviationX*Standard Deviation(Y) Terms Risk 1) Risk is the chance that aninvestments actualreturnwill bedifferentthan expected. 2) Riskis usually measured by calculating hestandard deviationof thehistorical returnsoraverage returnsof a specific investment. 3) A high standard de viations indicates a high point of risk. Return 1. The gain or lossof a security in a particular period. 2. The return consists of theincomeand thecapital gains relativeon aninvestment. 3. It is usually quoted as a percentage. Risk Returns Figures Particulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Average Daily Return 0. 001 0. 001 0. 00031 Standard Deviation 0. 034 0. 032 0. 03393 Covariance (Nifty Bank, X) 0. 001 0. 001 0. 00048 Standard Deviation (Nifty Bank) 0. 025 0. 025 0. 02454 Beta 1. 53 1. 077 0. 80000 Annualised Daily Return 0. 159 0. 331 0. 08 Annualised Standard Deviation 0. 580 0. 545 0. 58 Annualised Standard Deviation (Nifty Bank) 0. 402 0. 402 0. 40 Covariance Correlations Terms Correlation Effect 1. Relationship depends on correlation coefficient 2. -1. 0 r +1. 0 3. The smaller the correlation, the greater the risk reduction potential 4. If r = +1. 0, no risk reduction is possible Covariance Correlation Figures Covariance ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank 1. 00000 0. 00081 0. 00058 Axis Bank 0. 00081 1. 00000 0. 00052 HDFC Bank 0. 00058 0. 0052 1. 00000 Correlation ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank NA 0. 00255 0. 00174 Axis Bank 0. 00255 NA 0. 00167 HDFC Bank 0. 00174 0. 00167 NA Portfolio Variance Standard Deviation Portfolio Return Figures Equal Weight Portfolio Return Particulars Return Weight Portfolio Return ICICI 16 0. 33 5. 333 HDFC 8 0. 33 2. 667 axis of rotation 33. 07 0. 33 11. 023 essential 19. 023 Portfolio Risk Figures RISK (%) ICICI 0. 58 HDFC 0. 58 AXIS 0. 55 Portfolio 0. 3278 Cost of Capital It is the minimum rate of return the suppliers of capital would expect to receive if the capital were invested.Cost of Debt Cost of debt is calculated using the formula cost of debt kd=interest X (1-t)debt 1) Interest is the amount paying by the company as a interest on the Debt in the current year. It is taken from the Profit Loss statement of the company. 2) Debt is long term debt which we wear taken from the Balance Sheet of the Company. 3) The tax rate t is the corporate tax rate and is equal to the 33. 9%. Cost of Equity The Cost of Equity in this case has been calculated with the help of Gordan Dividend Model. Cost of Equity ke=Proposed DividendMarket Price per Share*Number Of Shares+Dividend Growth Rate Cost of Debt Equity FiguresParticulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Interest (Interest Expenses) Rs. 8,50,44,350. 00 Rs. 1,79,32,646. 00 Rs. 2,29,99,060. 00 Total Debt Rs. 1,40,16,49,073. 00 Rs. 34,07,16,721. 00 Rs. 23,84,65,086. 00 Corporate Tax Rate 30. 00% 30. 00% 30. 00% Cost of Debt (kd) 4. 25% 3. 68% 6. 75% Equity Capital Rs. 1,15,27,683. 00 Rs. 41,32,039. 00 Rs. 46,93,377. 00 Proposed Equity Share Dividend Rs. 1,90,20,400. 00 Rs. 77,00,725. 00 Rs. 1,17,27,733. 00 Number of Shares 13565154 41,32,03,952 23,36,704 Dividend Growth Rate (g) 17. 95% 14. 87% 30. 06% Cost of Equity (ke) 18. 11% 14. 87% 31. 02%Weighted Average Cost of Capital Calculations Comparative Analysis L everages The leverage analysis consists of 1) Operational Leverage defined by Degree of Operational Leverage. 2) Financial Leverage defined by Degree of Financial Leverage. 3) Total leverage defined by Degree of Combined Leverage. Operational Leverage (DOL) = % smorgasbord in EBIT % change in Sales Financial Leverage (DFL) =% change in EPS% change in EBIT Total Leverage (DCL) = % change in EPS% change in Sales = DOL* DFL Leverage Figures Graphical Representation for Leverages P/E Ratio Analysis P/E ratio is calculated using the formula P/E RATIO=Current market price of share EPSP/E Ratio Figures Dividend Policy Analysis Dividends paid by a firm are measured using one of two measures. 1) Dividend Yield Which relates the dividend paid to the price of the stock. Dividend Yield=Annual Dividend per Share Market Value per Share 2) Dividend Payout Ratio Relates dividend paid to the earning of the Firms. Dividend Payout Ratio=Dividend Distributed Total net Dividend Yield and Dividend Payo ut Ratio Particulars ICICI Bank Axis Bank HDFC Bank Dividend salaried (000s) Rs. 19,013,434 Rs. 6,697,611 Rs. 7,695,463 Number of shares 13,565,154 413,203,952 2,336,704 Dividend per share 1. 402 0. 016 3. 293Intrinsic value per share 890. 2 1146. 2 519. 85 Dividend Yield 0. 157% 0. 001% 0. 634% Earnings (000s) Rs. 103,860,000 Rs. 74,308,700 Rs. 89,504,000 DP Ratio 0. 183 0. 090 0. 086 Retention Ratio 0. 817 0. 910 0. 914 Conclusions and Inference Return As one can seem from the above chart , Axis Bank offers the highest returns per annum at 33% , followed up by ICICI and HDFC Bank at 16% and 8% respectively. It can be safely concluded that Axis Bank is the best weft to invest in. Let us now have a look at the Risk analysis before we go any further. Risk The fol write rounds chart depicts the Risk witnessed by each of the Banks.As one will notice, each of the three Banks i. e. ICICI , Axis and HDFC Bank belong to the same risk class. Risk of ICICI and HDFC Bank is equal at 58%, while that of Axis Bank is little lower at 54%. There is not much to choose in the midst of the Banks when it boils down to Risk. Choice based upon Risk and Return Based upon Risk and Return Assessment Axis Bank stands out to be a blow over choice. On one hand it offers returns which are twice that of ICICI Bank and four times in comparison to HDFC Bank, on the other hand, its risk is marginally lower than that of the other two Banks, which makes AXIS Bank to be the standout choice.Cost of Capital The Cost of Capital of each Bank is depicted in the following chart As one can see from the above chart The total cost of Capital for ICICI Bank averages out to be 8. 42%, Whereas Axis Bank has a WACC of 8. 15 % and HDFC bank has its cost of capital in excess of 20%. HDFC Bank needs to substitute its Equity and reserves with more of Debt, if it wants to lower down its WACC. Cost of Capital for HDFC Bank is high primarily owing to its huge Cost of Equity which is more than 30%. It needs to substitute more of debt in its Capital Structure if it wants to reduce its hurdle rate.Choice Based on Cost of Capital If one is viewing the affairs og the company based on the Cost of Capital, HDFC gets eliminated without any second thought. It needs to bring down its Cost of Capital if it wants to sustain in the long run. While on the other hand there is not much to choose between ICICI and Axis Bank , as both of them have almost the same hurdle rate close to 8%. PE Ratio Analysis The PE Ratio of ICICI and Axis Bank is very much comparable. ICICI Bank has a PE ratio of around 15 , whereas, the same for Axis Bank Hovers around at 11.One can easily draw a conclusion that investors are willing to pay more for ICICI Bank and also expect a higher growth rate in its earnings in the future. Following Chart depicts the comparative analysis of ICICI Bank along with HDFC Bank and ICICI Bank. It can be clearly seen that the PE ratio of ICICI Bank and Axis Bank are Comparable. But, the PE Ratio of HDFC exceeds 120. One can safely draw a conclusion that the Market Price of HDFC Bank is highly overpriced compared with the Industry average and one can expect a downfall in its share prices in the near future, because such(prenominal) high level of PE Ratio cannot be sustained in the long run.Leverage The Position of Leverages for each of the Banks depict the same story. Following chart will settle it Each of the Banks has a operating leverage lower than 1 , which implies that EBIT is not increasing in the same proportion as the sales of these Banks. Even the breaker point of financial leverage and the degree of combined leverage of each of these three Banks is comparable and there is not much to choose from when it comes to leverages. Dividend Policy When it comes to total dividend Paid by the Bank, ICICI Bank exceeds the two other Banks with quite a margin.The following Chart depicts the situation more comprehensively As one can see from the Chart ICICI Bank is the c lear leader when it comes to the amount of dividend paid, while there is not much to choose between Axis Bank and HDFC Bank. Total step of Dividend Paid doesnt project the true picture as , it has not been adjusted for number of shares. In other words , Dividend per share will show the appropriate picture. Following chart will depict the amount of dividend paid by each bank per share.As one can see clearly from the chart above , it is the HDFC Bank which is more liberal while declaring the dividend vis-a-vis ICICI and Axis Bank. HDFC pays dividend in excess of Rs 3 per share. ICICI pays a dividend just exceeding a rupee on a share. While, Axis Bank doesnt even pay 50 paisa on a share. From Investors point of view who wants a steady strike of Income, HDFC stands out to be the most logical choice of Investment. Such an Investor should obviously resist and desist from investing any amount of money in AXIS Bank.

Arthurian and Grail Poetry Essay

In 1871, Swinburne produced a new collection of poems which he entitled Songs originally Sunrise, which echoed a whole generations sentiments about Italys struggle for freedom. The poets stellar piece, Hertha, was yet another offering to the pagan altar upon which he worshipped. Hertha, the goddess of fertility, is written as the speaker of a dramatic monologue that aims to declare her superiority and immortality over the Christian God, a tactic Swinburne used to rifle the attention of the Victorian audience.He emphasizes, through Hertha, the significance and importance of Mother Nature over God, and provides line after line of physical representations of a fix that gives life and nourishment to her offspring, compared to a God who, in Swinburnes logic, false and provisional. Also, by centering on the body of Hertha, Swinburne stays true to his established customs of sensuality and passion. He ends the poem with Hertha saying I am mancompleting the ultimate pagan principle of ma ns harmony and conformity with nature. Swinburnes most celebrated work, among his legendary pieces, is 1882s Tristram of Lyonesse.A veritable triumph in the technical sense, the poem was skillfully written to feature long romantic couplets punctuated with a brilliant arrangement of vowel sounds, rhythm, and alliteration. Swinburne exposes his concept of passion masterfully in this tale of lovers who care for nothing else but their love, and would go to either length to keep the fire burning. Often referred to as Swinburnes ode to the English dramatists, Tristram is, to this day, the most exemplary rendition of the English couplet. IV. Other Literary AccomplishmentsAs a lot as Swinburne was known as an exceptional poet was his reputation as an excellent critic. From 1868, he managed to produce a number of volumes of literary criticism, with the best contained in Miscellanies and Essays and Studies. In this series, the genius and poetics of Swinburne are satisfyingly revealed and explored. He also published A Study of Shakespeare, in which he expressed his own great technical competencies and proficiencies in the areas of music and rhythm in poetry, by praising the iconic master of story, song, and technical excellence.It is quite apparent that Swinburne had intentionally limited his paganistic and atheistic principles to his poetrythe literary criticism that bears his name almost always stays firmly on the positive side, with nary a mention of technical or thematic shortcomings of the authors he discusses. With Swinburnes passing in 1909, the Victorian society of England lost one of its greatest masters in lyric poetry, whose genius and brilliance were quite run out that he found it necessary to go against the tide, and stand by the least accepted constructs of society. V. ConclusionThe question regarding Swinburnes religious influences in his poetry has been distinctly answered, and has validated the original logic proposed. There are indeed references t o Christianity and traditional beliefs in almost all his poetry, which he strategically decided to use to disprove many of the paradigms established by the Church. With his declared propensity to explore the ideals of physical pain and pleasure, sexual passion, and excessive living, through a great deal of wit, sarcasm, and morbidity, the reading audience is left shocked and astonished way beyond their accepted levels.However, it takes one as talented as Swinburne to effectively realize the relationship surrounded by two opposing polesChristianity and immoralityand use the commonalities to create an ideology that is all at once controversial and unacceptable, but also incredible and brilliant.BibliographyApiryon, T. Algernon Charles Swinburne, The Hermetic Library, 1995, retrieved 12 July 2008 from http//www. hermetic. com/sabazius/swinburne. htm Bartleby, The Rossettis, William Morries, Swinburne, and Others. Bartleby. com, retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http//www. bartleby. com/ 223/0508.html Cymru, Gordd. Arthurian and Grail Poetry, Celtic Twilight, 2000, retireved 12 July 2008 from http//celtic-twilight. com/camelot/poetry/swinburne/index. htm Representative Poetry Online, Selected Poetry of Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837- 1909), retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http//rpo. library. utoronto. ca/poet/319. html Sawhney, Paramvir, Gestalt Paganism in AC Swinburnes Hertha The Victorian Web, 2006, retrieved on 12 July 2008 from http//victorianweb. org/authors/swinburne/sawhney9. html Thomas, Edward, A Modern Bacchant, The New York Times, 29 declination 1912.

Several Acts and Codes of Education During the Victorian Period

Education during the niminy-piminy Period progressed delinquent to several acts and codes over the old age. Voluntary nurtures, which the Church provided, were founded by the Anglican National Society after the impart of 1833 was proposed. The grant went to religious bodies, which were used to build schools. It was the start-off acceptance by the government to provide the poor with an education. The grant increased to 30,000 pounds in 1839 and then to 100,000 pounds in 1846. These voluntary schools were paid for by private subscription and were get around out over the country.Gladstones Bill of 1870 was the work of W.E. Forster, who was an ardent churchman of Quaker origin. The peckerwood doubled the State Grant to church schools and to roman print Catholic schools so they could become a permanent part of the new educational system.There were septette elite boarding schools that were defined as popular Schools in the 1860s by the educational Clarendon commission. They were Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury. They were maintained by private funding and received no profits.The Code of 1890 do it possible to maintain even continuation schools, which we think are night schools.The new schools were known as Board Schools and they were paid for by local rates, or by the local school boards. Church t from each oneing continued in all national schools. Before this, all the churches had to provide the education. The papistical Catholics and the Anglicans wouldnt let their children go to these schools, though. They felt that these schools did non adequately teach their religious ideas. Board schools were introduced and the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans agreed that these schools satisfied all their educational needs.The acts of 1876 and 1880 made attendance in schools necessary. During the first few years of Queen Victorias reign, 30-50% of the children went to school. The most common schools were Sunday schools. T hey went there if they werent working and darn there they learned how to read the Bible. Its primary purpose was to fit people for their place in the social order. From 1870-1890 the average school attendance rose from 1.25 one million million to 4.5 million and the money spent on each child was doubled.After the New County Council was established, an effective step towards a system of secondary education was taken Only 8% of male children received either secondary education. After the 1870s there were a growing number of girls unexclusive schools.They used senior(a) children to teach the younger and the education took place in one large room. This made it possible to have fewer teachers and to have lower building costs.With the personation of two acts, you had to go schools until you were 12 years of age and education was provided for the blind and deaf children. It wasnt until 1899 and the establishment of the National Board of Education that free public education was avail able to all children in England.The violence on modernizing endowments, making scholarships competitive, providing a non-classical course of study as an alternative to the traditional one that accentuate Greek and Latin, establishing house systems, stressing school spirit, emphasizing hefty Christianity and games like football and cricket as means of improving character, became a model for other Victorian public schools. The whole education process was intentional to mold students into young Christian gentlemen and ladies.Education During the Victorian PeriodEducation during the Victorian Period progressed due to several acts and codes over the years. Voluntary schools, which the Church provided, were founded by the Anglican National Society after the grant of 1833 was proposed. The grant went to religious bodies, which were used to build schools. It was the first acceptance by the government to provide the poor with an education. The grant increased to 30,000 pounds in 1839 and then to 100,000 pounds in 1846. These voluntary schools were paid for by private subscription and were spread out over the country.Gladstones Bill of 1870 was the work of W.E. Forster, who was an ardent churchman of Quaker origin. The bill doubled the State Grant to church schools and to Roman Catholic schools so they could become a permanent part of the new educational system.There were seven elite boarding schools that were defined as Public Schools in the 1860s by the educational Clarendon commission. They were Eton, Harrow, Westminster, Rugby, Winchester, Charterhouse, and Shrewsbury. They were maintained by private funding and received no profits.The Code of 1890 made it possible to maintain evening continuation schools, which we think are night schools.The new schools were known as Board Schools and they were paid for by local rates, or by the local school boards. Church teaching continued in all national schools. Before this, all the churches had to provide the education. Th e Roman Catholics and the Anglicans wouldnt let their children go to these schools, though. They felt that these schools did not adequately teach their religious ideas. Board schools were introduced and the Roman Catholics and the Anglicans agreed that these schools satisfied all their educational needs.The acts of 1876 and 1880 made attendance in schools necessary. During the first few years of Queen Victorias reign, 30-50% of the children went to school. The most common schools were Sunday schools. They went there if they werent working and while there they learned how to read the Bible. Its primary function was to fit people for their place in the social order. From 1870-1890 the average school attendance rose from 1.25 million to 4.5 million and the money spent on each child was doubled.After the New County Council was established, an effective step towards a system of secondary education was taken Only 8% of male children received any secondary education. After the 1870s there were a growing number of girls public schools.They used older children to teach the younger and the education took place in one large room. This made it possible to have fewer teachers and to have lower building costs.With the passage of two acts, you had to go schools until you were 12 years of age and education was provided for the blind and deaf children. It wasnt until 1899 and the establishment of the National Board of Education that free public education was available to all children in England.The emphasis on modernizing endowments, making scholarships competitive, providing a non-classical course of study as an alternative to the traditional one that emphasized Greek and Latin, establishing house systems, stressing school spirit, emphasizing muscular Christianity and games like football and cricket as means of improving character, became a model for other Victorian public schools. The whole education process was designed to mold students into young Christian gentlemen and la dies.

Youth Outpatient Hiv Depression Care Health And Social Care Essay

Worldwide, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and depression are the prima causes of complaint load for immature tidy sum aged 10-24 over-the-hill ages. ( 1 ) Young people aged 15-24 history for half of all new human immunodeficiency virus infections worldwide. all(prenominal) twenty-four hours, 6,000 immature people aged 15-24 of age(predicate) ages become septic with human immunodeficiency virus, which is an dis maying tendency, since this is the largest adolescent person coevals in history. ( 2 ) In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of all new infections are among immature people, with misss being peculiarly affected and represent a higher proportion of reported human immunodeficiency virus infections and reported AIDS instances among youth ages 13 to 19 than among any other age group. ( 3,4 ) Cases of HIV infection diagnosed among youth 13 to 24 could be asserting(a) of overall tendencies in HIV incidence because this age group has more late initiated bad behaviors. ( 5 )R egular attending at clinical centres is require for HIV infection to supervise disease patterned advance, to accept down and so supervise the response to antiretroviral therapy, and to give of import information to the patient on minimising the hazard of transmittal. Despite this demand for regular monitoring, loss to follow up in HIV cohort ( surveies ) can be a common adventure and is infrequently reported. ( 6 ) This current resume purposes to find a ) the incidence of loss to follow up among HIV infected youth accessing direction at a youth- focused and a family- centered clinic in Kisumu, Kenya B ) baseline socio- demographic and clinical features associated with loss to follow upJustificationNyanza Province in Kenya has the highest load of HIV infection in Kenya, with the HIV prevalence standing at 14.9 % , which is more than twice the national norm of 7.1 % . The national HIV prevalence amongst immature person aged 15-24 old ages is 3.8 % ( 5.6 % in females and 11.4 % in males ) whilst that amongst 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 2.3 % ( 3.5 % in females and 1.0 % in males. ) ( 7 ) In Kisumu City, the prevalence amongst females aged 15- 19 twelvemonth olds is 23 % , whilst in male childs of the same age class it is 3.5 % . ( 8 ) Merely a little proportion of these young persons were accessing attention and choke serve and keeping to make do was low, with merely 5.3 % of patients enrolled at the HIV attention clinics within Kisumu City were aged 13-21 old ages.It has been shown that up to 60 % of immature people populating with HIV may non be in everyday HIV attention. Youth-centred HIV plans report that whiz of the most ambitious facets of working with HIV-positive young person is prosecuting them ab initio and retaining them in attention once they are enrolled. Despite the best attempts of outreach staff, lost-to-follow-up rates remain unwantedly high. ( 5 ) A major programmatic challenge for youth- particular(prenominal) HIV services is maintai ning HIV-positive young person connected to care and back up systems that can run into their demands for emotional support, advocate, and bar instruction while supervising demands for medical examination attention, edible intercessions, and ARV intervention. ( 9 ) Adolescents with peri- natally-acquired HIV shit alone features that may perplex their passage into adult-oriented attention scenes. ( 10 ) In one of a series of surveies on HIV and young person in Brazil, most doctors go toing advanced HIV preparation agreed that the Ministry of Health should set up targeted services for HIV-infected young person. Nevertheless, associating HIV-infected striplings to HIV attention has proved hard. ( 11 ) The long-run nature of of HIV intervention calls for particular accent on keeping in attention of septic young person. ( 4 ) Transitioning the medical attention of kids with peri- natally-acquired HIV from paediatric attention to internal medical specialty patterns has become progressi vely of import as newer therapies prolong endurance.MethodsStudy DesignThis ex post facto analysis used informations routinely collected from HIV infected patients enrolled in attention at Lumumba Health Center and at Tuungane Youth Center, both in Kisumu municipality. Patients aged between 15- 21 old ages enrolled into attention between July 2007 and October 2010 were suitable for inclusion in the analysis. The survey was approved by the institutional reappraisal boards of the Kenya medical research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control- KenyaProgram descriptionFamily AIDS Care and Education Services ( FACES ) , is a family- centered HIV bar, attention and intervention plan funded by the joined States President s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) through a co-operative understanding with the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) . FACES- Nyanza provides these services in more than 60 government- tally wellness installations across 6 territories in Nyanza state of K enya.Tuungane Youth Center is a youth- specific plan run by Impact Research Development Organization and is funded by PEPFAR to supply VCT, ABY and STI showing and intervention to youth aged between 13- 21 old ages. It is based within Kisumu municipality, Nyanza, Kenya.In Nov 2005, these two plans collaborated with the purposes of bettering HIV services to the young person accessing attention at the two sites. Care at the two sites is standardized, with the same clinical visit/ dust signifiers and attention is offered, free of charge, harmonizing to standardised national guidelines. There is besides a clinical staff exchange plan between the two sites.To day of the month, FACES- Lumumba has enrolled xx.xxx patients ( x % youth aged between 13- 21years ) while Tuungane has enrolled xxxx HIV infected patients since the coaction began.Missed appointments and defaulter tracingFaces, through its Clinic and Community and Health Assistants ( CCHA ) section, runs an bustling defaulter fol lowing class to better patient keeping. Upon registration, each patient s reference and contact information is recorded. A patient losing his/ her assignment is identified from the day-to-day attending registry and sought 3 yearss after a lost assignment. This same defaulter following mechanism is in topographic point at Tuungane.Data aggregationSocio-demographic, clinical and pharmacological informations collected at each patient s visit on a standardised clinical visit signifier is manually entered into an electronic medical records system that was launched at both sites in July 2007. FACES manages the database.VariablesThe primary result is loss to follow up ( LTFU ) , defined as a patient losing their last assignment by & gt 4 months.Socio-demographic and clinical features considered as independent forecasters of LTFU and analyzed as binary/ index variables were baseline age, above or below the population survey mean gender, male or female marital/ civil position, married/ p artnered or non and clinic type youth- specific vs. family- oriented. Highest educational degree attained was categorized into 4 none , several(prenominal) primary , approximately secondary and some college/ university . CD4 was categorized into 4 classs of & lt 50electric cells/mm3 , 50-100cells/mm3 , 100-200cells/mm3 and & gt 200cells/mm3 WHO clinical presenting had phases I-IV. ART position at LTFU was analyzed as a binary variable, of all time started vs. neer started on ART. Baseline was defined as up to 60 yearss upon registration.Patients transferred out of either clinic, or determined to tick off died or withdrawn from attention were non considered as LTFU.Datas analysisChi- square ( I2 ) trial was used to analyse the categorical variables and logistic arrested development was used to nonplus factors associated with loss to follow up. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ( ORs ) and the 95 % assurance intervals were calculated in the theoretical accounts .Kaplan- Meier method was used to gauge the incidence of LTFU, presented as purgets per 100 person- old ages, from day of the month of registration. The event day of the month of a LTFU was the day of the month of the last clinic visit in the records. Patients determined to cargo hold been transferred out, withdrawn, or dead, informations was censored at their day of the month of last assignment or day of the month of decease if known. Datas on patients still in active attention at the terminal of the survey period was censored at the day of the month of their last clinic visit. Wilcoxon log- rank trial was used to compare option curves.All analyses were performed utilizing STATA version 11/SE package ( StataCorp LP, College Station, USA )ConsequencesPatient featuresOver the 3-year period, 927 patients ( 79 % female, average age 20 old ages ) were identified to be eligible for inclusion in the information analysis. 63 % were enrolled at the youth- specific clinic and a bulk ( 66 % ) of those who had their educational province indicated ( n=837 ) , had attained some signifier of primary school instruction while merely 1.7 % had non accompanied school at all. 61.5 % were non married/ partnered and 5.9 % were reported to hold some signifier of employment. legal age of the patients were of good clinical and immunological position ( 81 % were WHO phase I & A II and 80 % had CD4 cell counts & gt 200/mm3 ) . Merely 3 % were WHO full stop IV and 5 % CD4 cell counts & lt 50/mm3. 61 % of the patients had neer been started on ART. ( circuit board 1 )Loss to follow up57.2 % of the patients were documented as LTFU ( 79.4 % female, 66.8 % at the youth- specific clinic, p 0.006 ) . A huge bulk of the patients were of good immunological and clinical position ( 81 % WHO phase I & A II and 82 % CD4 cell count & gt 200/mm3 ) and had neer been started on ART ( 75 % , P & lt 0.0001 ) . 54 % were above the survey population average age of 22 old ages. ( Table 1 )There w ere a sum of 390 LTFU events over 743 person- old ages of follow up. The incidence of LTFU was 53.4 per 100 individual old ages. The average clip to LTFU was 1.6 old ages upon registration ( 95 % CI 1.5- 1.7 ) . The incidence was significantly higher in those who had neer started ART ( Log rank p 0.0047 ) ( Figure 1 )Univariate logistic arrested development identified youth- specific site ( OR 1.46, 95 % CI 1.12- 1.91 ) and ART position ( OR 0.23, 95 % CI 0.18- 0.31 ) to be associated with LTFU. On variable logistic arrested development, merely ART position was associated with LTFU ( OR 0.28, 95 % CI 0.19- 0.41 ) . Gender, age, matrimonial position, educational degree, occupational position, WHO clinical phase and CD4 were all non prognostic of LTFU. ( Table 1 )DiscussionThis survey shows that LTFU is really high among this vulnerable age group, more so at the youth- focused clinic. Youth go toing attention at a youth- specific clinic are 46 % more likely to acquire LTFU. This migh t intend that a family- focussed theoretical account of attention is better than the youth- focussed theoretical account but this might be because young person taking to go to the youth- focused clinic have different social features that place them at higher hazard of LTFU compared to those go toing attention at the family- focused site e.g lower revelation position, higher stigmatisation, hapless household support. Surveies to measure differences in societal features between young person go toing attention at the youth- particular and the family- centered clinic are required.A cardinal determination of this survey is that being on ART protects against LTFU even after commanding for other factors, consistent with other similar surveies done in grownup populations elsewhere. ( 12, 13, 14 ) HIV infected young person who are good clinically and immunologically and therefore non measure up for ART may non see the ground to adhere to their follow up visits. They may merely so return to the clinic when their wellness deteriorates and are likely to remain in attention as they receive ART. This could besides intend that attachment guidance to those non on ART is hapless or that the really ill ( and therefore necessitate ART ) are taken to the family- focused clinic by their similarly HIV infected household members.Surveies have demonstrated that mortality and loss to follow up rates are higher in patients non on but eligible for ART. ( 13 ) High pre- ART loss to follow up and particularly in those with less advanced clinical phase raises concern, since they are likely to be engaged in hazardous sexual patterns. ( 12 ) Strategies to enable earlier start of ART and to advance keeping in attention are required.In this survey, 50 % of patients got lost at 1 twelvemonth and 7 months of registration. Time from induction of ART to loss to follow up was nevertheless, non determined. Surveies among big populations found that on norm, 21 % of HIV infected patients get lost fro m attention in the first six months after get downing ART and approximately 40 % of patients are lost at two old ages, with big fluctuation in keeping rates. ( 15 ) There is demand for intercessions that improve linkage to care and prioritise ART induction particularly for those with low baseline CD4 counts. ( 16 )There was no association between LTFU and clinical/ immunological position and others have besides shown that more advanced HIV disease and the absence of clinical phase appraisal are strongly associated with the hazard of decease but non with no followup or a loss to followup in the first 6 months. ( 17 ) Sarah et al nevertheless, reveal low baseline CD4 counts and unemployment to be one by one associated with being lost to follow up. ( 18 ) Employment position was non associated with LTFU in this surveyFrom the database, merely 60 patients were identified as discontinued from attention ( 9 deceased, 48 transferred to other clinics and 3 withdrew from attention ) and we re therefore non defined as LTFU. Surveies to look into the true results of all patients defined as LTFU are required, since they could fall into one of three classs wholly out of attention, go toing attention at other installations or deceased ( 19 ) . Patients who do non return for followup at clinics proviso comprehensive HIV/AIDS attention require particular attending. This is peculiarly true where resources are limited and clinic tonss are high. ( 20 ) Patients non doing their assignments may hold halt taking antiretroviral drugs, ensuing in high mortality or may hold transferred to another plan. In ART programmes in resource-limited scenes a significant nonage of grownups lost to follow up can non be traced, and among those traced 20 % to 60 % had died. ( 15 ) Constitution of systems for monitoring and following loss-to-follow-up patients, and to implement schemes for bettering keeping in attention is required for all HIV clinics. ( 18 )Study strengths and failingsThe follo w up period of three old ages and a ample population gives the survey some strength, though the findings would non be generalizable to the full population since it involved merely one family- focused and one youth- focused clinic in Kisumu, Kenya. The theoretical account used in this survey was a hapless forecaster of the result. Similar surveies elsewhere are warranted.DecisionNewer and advanced attacks to retain HIV septic young person in attention, even at young person specific clinics, are desperately required. In the interim, targeted guidance should be directed toward HIV infected youth non yet get downing ART.RecognitionsI d wish to admit all staff and patients at FACES and Tuungane who made this survey possible and to my advisers at UCB for the huge support and important way in making this survey.

The Truman Show Analysis

Everything in my realitythe activities I engage in, the friendships I acquire, the family I love, the be deceitfulnessfs I form ( almost art, politics, religion, incorruptity, the after smell)argon predicated upon the premise that my career is truly and authentic each(prenominal)y mine to live, not something spurt or staged. I am the author that gives meaning to my reality. I am, so to speak, the star of the show. In Peter Weirs motion-picture show closely the ultimate reality TV show The Truman Show (1998), the ever ominous what is real question begs the assumption that the lives we live are really ours.It is an important text to have with respect to those other difficult questions we all beguilem to either explore or avoid Who am I? Why am I here? Whats it all ab place? Am I living in a wangle world where my choices ultimately bear no significance? If so, is a meaningful life til now practical? These are crucial questions that pertain to valet de chambre, ones that The Truman Show seeks not necessarily to answer directly simply classa explore by means of speculation, inquiry and character/plot subtext.They are also questions that lead us to consider how Trumans awakening into the real is a type of our take awakening, and why opting for reality oer bearing is something worth striving for. The salient difficultness of the film regards the term reality1). What it means in consideration of Trumans world, 2). Christofs world, 3). The audience-within-the-films world, 4). The watchers who watch the films world, and 5). The overall statement Weir is making ab by reality in general. That is v different realities, each which carry delicate nuances about its semantically difficult nature.Indeed, spectators are left to question like Truman does when he discovers the fabrication of his existence, Was nought real? Well, what is real in The Truman Show? Who or what social forces construct his/our reality? Weir seems to intentionally leave splay ga ps in answers to these types of questions to admit spectators more in the process of constructing the films textual meaning. He also seems to posit a real world of some sort beyond Trumans manufactured one, moreover is un make believe as to what that real one is and why Truman/spectators should want it.The ambiguous challenge of the film thusly inevitably forces us to dive into the precarious realm of metaphysicsthe realm where we ponder what reality is like. It is in this realm where Weir asks us to sour metaphysicians in coiffure to explore what this nebulous term reality even means. One film theorizer whose ideas can help dissect the subtle nuances of how reality is played with in The Truman Show is Nick Browne. To hand over a brief caveat on Brownes theories, it is pertinent to understand that he explores the ship canal in which film form (camera angle, mis-en-scene, dialogue, etc. ) relates to film content (theme, moral order, etc. . He views the managing director as a narrator who invites the spectator into the text to par dramatise of a certain relationship not only between the characters and their beliefs, but also the director and his beliefs.According to Browne, certain narrators have been known to countermand the traditional meaning of filmic codes (e. g. IMR) by utilize formal methods to make a statement about the films moral order. In what he calls the power of the wish, the narrator demonstrates that the person who holds the most powerful point-of-viewor gazeover another character, according to the traditional codes is, in fact, wrongfulness in his/her judgment.Browne therefore emphasizes the narrators manipulation as using the conventional language of film against itself in order to make a provocative statement about the films content (13). Peter Weir plays the role of what Browne calls the narrator-in-the-text, one who has invited us to ascertain the moral order of the film. The moral order of The Truman Show pertains to the five aforementioned levels of reality and how spectators are to interpret them.Using Brownes updated version of formalism, the essay go forth get by how Weir steps into the text using dialogue and camera angle to present the great moral order of the filmthe issue of what it means to see reality truly. Aspects of Brownes power of the gaze lead be useful to bolster the fact that although spectators identify with Truman throughout the film, their identification with him cannot help but be predominantly filtered through Christofs all-powerful, watch-tower gaze a sight that Weir-as-narrator-in-the-text is ultimately going to argue, using neo-formalism (e. g. specifically camera angle), as being wrong in judgment.In particular, the essay will grant concrete examples from the film of how Weir uses shifting camera perspectives of how spectators view Truman, whether through Christofs autocratic gaze (what I will argue as the despotic perspective) or through the omniscient perspective that fr ees Truman from Christofs intricate vane of hidden cameras (TS). The shifting camera perspectives will create what Browne labels the plural subject areathe notion that forces/leads/or guides spectators not only to identify with certain characters, but also to be at two places at once, where the camera is and with the depicted person (127).As applied and will be argued in this paper, the filmic spectator is the plural subject that is consistently sutured or locked between the despotic and omniscient perspective when think Truman, thereby creating a double structure of viewer/viewed (127). These structures inevitably challenge spectators to wrestle with how reality is envisioned in The Truman Show and how the varying lenses of representation regarding reality carry certain implications under the despotic perspective, and as well under the omniscient one.Understanding how Weir uses these ambiguous camera perspectives (i. e. structures) will help us further see how reality operates according to the films five aforementioned realities. They will also help polish off what Browne means when he says such structures, which in shaping and presenting the action prompt a vogue and indeed a path of reading, convey and are closely allied to the guiding moral input of the film (131-132).Certainly The Truman Show is complex and incertain, one that demands a sensitive read. We will therefore scram with a brief plot synopsis of the film, move towards the evidence that shows how Brownes neo-formalist theories of the power of the gaze and plural subject relate to Weirs use of despotic and omniscient camera perspectives, and overall railroad tie how these ideas pertain to the five levels of reality in the film.The Truman Show depicts the life of Truman Burbank (Jim Carrey), the first child legally espouse by a corporation for the purposes of filming his whole life recorded on an intricate network of hidden cameras, and broadcast live and unedited twenty-four hours a da y, seven days a hebdomad to an audience around the globe (TS). Christof (Ed Harris), the shows creator, lives in a reality governed by idiot box ratings and media hype. He convinces Truman that he inhabits a benign and ordinary world, but little oes he know that everything he does is monitored, controlled and manufactured under the totalitarian gaze of Christof.While the world he occupies is virtually counterfeit and wide- put off of actorseven his wife Meryl (Laura Linney) and best friend Marlon (Noah Emmerich)Truman is unaware that his life is being use to entertain humanity in a non-stop reality program. Audiences within the film glue themselves anxiously to the screen wondering How will it end? a slogan captured on buttons, T-shirts and posters purchased by fans of the show.Their reality revolves around watching Truman live out his happy cliched existence in the idyllic hometown of Seahaven until gradually certain events cause him to question the perceptual experience of his alleged reality camera lights fall from the sky, actors fail to follow their cues, backstage set dressings are exposed, etc. These curious events begin to awaken Truman to the constructs that have sought to blind him his good life. He realizes that something is wrong and goes to great lengths to break free from his contrived world that was invented by Christof and the scheming media.At the climactic end of the film, Truman reaches towards an open door that will lead him into another world, but is cautioned by his Creator not to leave for venerate that he will not like what he finds (TS). In the end, Truman rejects his counterfeit heaven and chooses an authentic, although unknown and presumably difficult, life as substitute. Using certain aspects from Brownes theories, let us now consider how Weir-as-narrator-in-the-text guardedly crafts the meaning of Trumans, Christofs, the audience-within-the-film, and the audience outside the films reality.The film opens with Christof talking directly to the camera in Brechtian style to the spectators in the theater. He admits that while Trumans world is in some respects counterfeit, he assures us that theres nothing fake about Truman himself. No scripts, no cue separateIt isnt always Shakespeare but its genuine. Its a life (TS). Christof suggests here that while Truman has been duped to view he is living a real life he has chosen for himself, the life he has apt(p) Truman is better than what he later calls the sick real worldthe one outside Trumans studio apartment.Paradoxically, he claims that there is nothing fake about Truman himself yet in the same breath admits that the reality he occupies is counterfeit. For the Marxist critic, Christofs philosophy might beg the question of how a person can be authentic or real if human identity is nothing more than a product of the scotch environment he/she lives in. In fact, Marxs statement that mans social existence determines his understanding seems to expose the very fl aw of Christofs viewpoint that Truman is somehow a true-man despite living a social sham.Nevertheless, backstage interviews with Trumans perky wife, Meryl, and best friend, Marlon, are then juxtaposed together that honor the paradoxical nature of Christofs philosophy, Its all true, its all real. Nothing here is fake, nothing you see on this show is fakeits just merely controlled (TS). Upon the closure of these lines, we immediately cut into Trumans phony world where Christofs pervasive surveillance equipment watches his every move. Using Brownes power of the gaze, we can see how spectators are thus sutured into Christofs powerful, Big Brother gaze over Truman.In fact, spectators cannot help but see Truman through Christofs point-of-view throughout the majority of the film since the studio cameras record and reveal everything he does. However, even though we might be forced into Christofs POV, it is tough whether Weir is asking spectators to agree with his schemes as morally laudab le. For instance, given Christofs demeanor of totalitarian spectatorship over Truman, the spectator watching The Truman Show the film might musical note unsure if whether to trust his perspective whether he/she is comprehend truly through his perspective.After all, Christofs reality is centered on the fabrication of Trumans entire reality his childhood, his job, even his marriage. He even goes as far to manufacture his fears, like his fear of water, which is used to keep Truman from escaping the studio of Seahaven, escaping from his false self. As Kimberly A. Blessing observes, Everyone, including his adoring television viewing audience, is complicit in the lie (5-6). One possible meaning that we can extract here is that Weir is crafting Christofs reality in a way that challenges the publics perception of how the media operates.The media, like Christof, would have us live inside a fictitious world governed by commercial glamour that fuels their sales, ratings, product placement, e tc. Just as the creators of Trumans world commercialize his life with product placement ads, like when Meryl showcases the wonders of a new kitchen utensil to Truman but is really advertising it to the millions of viewers watching, so too is Weir making a satirical commentary on how the creators of media attempt to commercialize our lives by getting us to buy their products.The question becomes, then, whether a person who lies even for an allegedly noble cause can be trusted. How noble are Christofs intentions anyway if he is deceiving Truman in order to receive higher television ratings? There seems to be no escape from Christofs questionable morality or autocratic gaze, but it is here that Weir carefully steps into the text and shows us through camera angle and plot progression that Truman and spectators alike can escape from Christofs ambidextrous schemes.No sooner when the camera light falls from the sky and Truman begins to sense something is wrong with his reality that Weir i ntermediately switches from Christofs camera perspective (the despotic perspective) to the omniscient perspective when viewing Truman. The omniscient perspective is void of the studio cameras processs that remind spectators they are sutured into Christofs POV. Instead, the omniscient perspective is transcendent, clear and fledgling as it frees Truman and spectators from Christofs gripping surveillance, but it also is transient.Just as it will take the entire film for Truman to realize the extent to which he is being deceived, it will also take the entire film for Weir to gradually overwhelm the despotic perspective with the omniscient one. As a result of these double-shifting, ambivalent camera POVs, we can see by using what Browne calls the plural subject that Weir is asking us to be at two places at once where the camera is and from whose perspective were seeing Truman from.The difficulty here is that although spectators are implicated into Trumans life and naturally yearn to ide ntify with him, it is imperative to immortalize that the logic of the framing and our identification with him has already been subjugated primarily through a liars look (Braudy & Cohen 127). Consequently, it becomes tricky to discern whether were ever actually identifying with the real Truman or just Christofs deceitful version of him. But of course, this is what the film is about.It is about asking us what it means to see with eyes truly, whether were all being duped inside Christofs matrix so to speak, and whether it is possible to awaken from counterfeit reality to something truly authentic. The presentational structure of the film argues that although we identify with Truman through a liars eyes, we do not have to accept that POV as morally commendable, but can reject and feel liberated from it when viewing Truman omnisciently.Because of these presentational structures that Browne argues convey a point of view and are primaeval to the exposition to the moral idea of the film, Truman, like spectators, must achieve awareness of their constructed or controlled-by-anothers kind of existence, and choose to embrace a reality that is not manufactured by another individual or economic system (131-132). In several instances of the film, Truman tries to gain this awareness by escaping from Seahaven.He drives his car to the edge of the forest and sails through a massive typhoon but gets blocked at every turn. Christof, like the media, has pin down Truman inside his false reality and does not want him to leave. Truman even receives help from certain cast-members of the show who picture to reveal the truth to him, whether flying over head with signs reading, Truman, youre on television, or jumping out of present boxes screaming the same.Weir-as-narrator-in-the-text is telling us, as Ken Sanes argues, that we too have to take a tourof mindand distance ourselves from this media landscape, if we want to secure our freedom (Sanes). The strategy of despotic/omniscient perspective in particular helps Weir establish these moral orders by focusing on the relationship between Truman and Christof, truth-seeker and pseudo-truth giver, for it seems as though he subverts the traditional IMR codes of who spectators are supposed to identify with.Again, despite seeing the majority of Trumans life from the despotic perspective, the sparse use of the omniscient one is where Weir is actively engaged in the text and in the lead us to accept Trumans final choice of rejecting his manufactured reality as indeed the discipline choice. Weir uses the cinematographic apparatus to lead spectators to see the truth about Truman, to become more aware about their own susceptibility to false ealities and in doing so uses the conventional language of the film as Browne would argue against itself by reversing the traditional meaning of form to make a statement about content. He shows through the despotic perspective that although Christofs version of pampered reality for T ruman might hold noble intentionsindeed, Christof is convinced he is actually helping Truman by sheltering him from the sick real worldhe is in fact wrong in his judgment because reality, even if unknown or sick, must be preferred to some counterfeit version of it.

College Pressures

College drags In the article, College Pressures, William Zinsser shows parents the burdens that college students have while they are in school. In the essay he states the quad pressures that the students face economic, parental, peer, and self-induced. The reader can be easily conf pulmonary tuberculosisd when Zinsser first begins the essay. It starts off with someone pen notes to someone else, but who is speaking? Zinsser then follows this by fully explaining who is writing the notes, a student, and who he is public lecture to, his dean.He is explaining that the student is full of pressure and feels he cannot take it anymore. Zinsser makes the essay move along smoothly with the use of rhetorical questions and then answers them to prove a point he is making. The classical appeal Zinsser uses in College Pressure is ethos. He is telling the parents what is going on in the minds of the students and the pressures they build up for themselves. College Pressure is written in a fairly s traightforward manner. Zinsser explains the situations without using such terminology that only college professor can comprehend.He similarly uses understandable metaphors that make the reading more interesting. For example, when he explains that no one is to blame for the pressures, he says, piteous students, poor parents. They are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. This is a classification and division essay. passim it, Zinsser talks about what the pressures of the students are economic, peer, parental, and self-induced. He then separately explains how each of the pressures effects the students. Zinsser speaks in a way that makes the reader want to continue reading.He is persistent in informing the reader about the pressures and tries actually hard to get his point out to the parents. It may seem that throughout the essay, Zinsser sees the students in a all negative way. He realizes this and states it to the reader. He tells the parents, I have pain ted too drab a portraiture of todays students, making them seem a solemn lot. This is not his purpose at all. He is trying to explain that college is not a era to have all these extreme pressures that the students induce on themselves.He ends this essay in a way that shows the parents that lots of people go to college and change their paths several quantify before actually choosing what they want to be. He does this as a way of saying that it is alright to go to college unsure of what you want to be. Things will work out in the end. William Zinsser is just trying to let parents make do that college students have enough on their minds and they dont need their parents giving them a hard time about what to do with their lives. For the sake of their children, he wants the parents to be as supportive as possible.

Study Plan for Chemical Engineering

Chemical training science and its importance Advertisements Chemical engineering has a number of applications in our day to day lives. This course is offered to students at the graduate and postgraduate levels. Upon the accomplishment of their studies, individuals chiffonier apply for jobs with firms of the private or public sector firms. situation opportunities be available for aspirants within some of the prestigious Indian firms such as Reliance and Indian Oil etc. One hindquarters say that this sector is unrivalled of the many beas where one can get good jobs as considerably as other opportunities of the right type.In this article we atomic number 18 divergence to discuss or so the importance of chemic engineering as well as its numerous applications. sizeableness of Chemical Engineering Areas where chemic engineering is applicable in our day to day lives include burn preparation and mineral molding Explosives manufacturing Fertilizer industry Food handlein g Glass and specialty chemics Paints leaf blade and aluminum proceeds In addition to the above mentioned areas, chemical engineering also has applications in production of electronics, clo intimacy, paper and photographic equipment etc.The scope for individuals in the content of chemical engineering is bound to grow in time. This is mainly because of industrial growth as well as the related scarcity of the resources those are required. In future years, chemical engineers exit be needed to develop synthetic re smudgement for those resources as well as materials that are low in supply. In overall, it can be said that chemical engineers will be able to contract very crucial contri nonwithstandingions to the improvement in addition to the maintenance of the whole tone of our lives.Areas where one can apply his knowledge Although chemical engineering is relatively a new field, this field of engineering has shown a speedy expansion during the last few decades. This has in turn led to compound in importance of chemical engineering as well as the number of jobs. Career opportunities for these professionals are available with R&D departments, especially in the field of energy as well in developing fields such as nanotechnology and biotechnology. Chemical Plants Petrochemical Plants Pharmaceuticals Petroleum Refining PlantsMineral Based Industries Electronics Industry photographic Equipment Units Clothing Units Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Aircraft Industry Some Job Types Supervisor Technical Specialist get off bus Project Engineer Teacher Researcher Environmental, Safety & Regulatory Manager Quality Manager Senior Process Engineer Product Development Engineer Fuel Meter Calibration Technician In the government sector, chemical engineers can find jobs in areas where solutions for environmental problems like recycling, water treatment and others are needed.They can also get work with departments of energy conservation as well as with defense lawyers establish ments. Sir William Wakeham on the Importance of Chemical Engineering Sep. 06, 2011 Sir William Wakeham, President, IChemE Sir William Wakeham, President, IChemE more than Sir William Wakeham, President, IChemE From Reliance Industries Mukesh Ambani to stand-up comedian and perpetual wa shapeelon stunner A Wide Range From Reliance Industries Mukesh Ambani and SABICs Mohammed al-Mady to stand-up comedian and perpetual watermelon smasher Gallagher, chemical engineers can be make up in almost every walk of life. And if you have neer heard of Gallagher, you can replace him with Dolph Lundgren, who forewent a career in chemical engineering when he found success as Ivan Drago in the movie Rocky IV). These days, chemical engineering is as diverse as the people who study it, covering areas from biotechnology to mineral processing, and its significance for the chemical industry is now more important than ever. Sir William Wakeham is currently president of the Institution of Chemical E ngineers (IChemE), a global professional membership government activity for people who have an interest in and relevant experience in chemical engineering.He spoke with Brandi Schuster on how the field has evolved, what IChemE does to make headway students to study chemical engineering and the importance of having chemical engineers in all levels within chemical and pharmaceutical companies. CHEManager Europe Sir William, the term chemical engineering doesnt have quite the same heart and soul as maybe 50 years ago. How do you think the profession has evolved? Sir William Wakeham These days in that respect is very much more of a focus on the word process engineering rather than chemical engineering. very much the processes involved are still chemical, yet they now encompass many more things than we ruling about 50 years ago. These days you have trained chemical engineers working in many process applications that arent necessarily within the traditional realm of the chemical industry. One example of that is within the pharmaceutical business, in formulation engineering. This consists of the construction of pills, which goes hand-in-hand with the drug formulations.That involves quite a lot of chemical engineering, but wouldnt have been thought of as such 50 years ago. Its a similar situation within the water industry. in that location is a lot of activity which could be considered process engineering, and probably most of the reactions, if there are any, are biological reactions. All in all, I think the term has been broaden quite a combat over the last several decades in order to include many more aspects and technologies. In fact, the term chemical engineer is probably being replaced by process engineer. Is the future of chemical engineering one with a very broad base? Sir William Wakeham Yes, and in my own experience, trained chemical or process engineers are the kinds of engineers who are most able to work with other disciplines, because they have already quite a breadth in their formation as engineers. That is not quite the same for, lets say, civil engineers whose chemistry culture is quite limited. Process engineers have a unique opportunity to bring scientists and other engineers together.Most of the big problems that the demesne is facing are a bit like that people have to be brought together from distinguishable areas. What about diversity within the profession, oddly when it comes to women? Sir William Wakeham In the UK, total chemical engineering infragraduate add up are the most positive for womens recruitment of any engineering discipline. In the UK, about 27% of chemical engineering students are women this is certainly a step in the right direction. What kind of activities does IChemE have to encourage more people to study chemical engineering?Sir William Wakeham We have an enormous focus on carry people into chemical engineering courses this has, at least in the UK, pushed the numbers through the roof. We a re particularly interested in attracting women, and one of the key elements of doing that is having women on the staff of chemical engineering departments who do the recruitment. here(predicate) in the UK, most departments have a substantial number of women on their faculty. In other areas of the world, such as in the Middle East, there are some cultural issues that are additional difficulty.However, in Malaysia, where we are also active, there are a significant number of women studying chemical engineering now. Apart from its European offices, IChemE is also represented in Asia, Africa and Australasia. Do you work towards promoting chemical engineering for women in these parts of the world as well? Sir William Wakeham Yes. We have been using our activities in the UK as a basis, but fine-tuning it for the different cultural backgrounds. Clearly what needs to be done in Malaysia is not the same thing as what needs to be one in the UK. Our offices in these areas are usually staffed b y topical anesthetic people, which is important for creating an understanding of the countrys needs. What is a chemical engineers role in an rock oil and gas industry? 2 years ago Report Abuse Shape Shape Best Answer Chosen by Voters This is a very broad question as chemical engineers (as in someone with a chemical engineering degree) can do many different engineering jobs in the oil and gas industry, but other engineers can do them as well.For example I know people with mechanical and chemical engineering degrees that are maintenance engineers with the same job responsibilities. The same goes for a drilling fluid engineer which could be held by people of varying background and technical degrees. A chemical engineer can be involved in all parts of the oil and gas industry from building the oil rigs, drilling the wells, pumping it out of the ground, transferring it through pipelines, separating in into usable chemicals in a refinery, and finally making petroleum based products in a chemical plant.Source(s) Chemical Engineer Where Do Chemical Engineers Fit into the upriver Oil and Gas Industry? By Katie Horner Comments (8) Before working for an upstream oil company, I was under the impression that chemical engineers working in oil and gas belonged in pipeline and downstream operations. For those of you not in the industry, most large, integrated oil companies consist of an upstream organization and a downstream organization. The former focuses on exploration and production and the latter refines crude petroleum into usable products (gasoline, lubricants, etc. . Within upstream, processes and departments are often separated by subsurface work and surface facility work. Generally, most ChemEs in upstream are found on the facility side, managing projects related to ice chests, pumps, pipelines and separators. Pumping Unit in Bakersfield, Ca You may be asking, what about subsurface? And, can chemical engineers contribute to a traditionally petroleum engineer ing realm? The answer is, most definitely A reservoir is essentially a large tank filled with porous media and reservoir fluids oil, gas and water.In order to recover oil or gas from a reservoir, chemical engineering fundamentals such as fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transfer must be understood and applied. Petroleum engineering is not an assume science. Precise reservoir boundaries are often unknown, PVT samples are few and far between, recovery mechanisms are sometimes unclear, and original and current oil in place is determined probabilistically. The fact is, it wouldnt be economical to collect all of the data to make it an exact science.Without having all of the data, oil companies still have been successful in recovering resources thus far. However, weve picked the low suspension fruit when it comes to oil and gas resources and are moving toward environments with increased complexity heavy oil, challenging shale plays, strict gas, deepwater exploration, etc. Its often said that the best place to find oil is within currently or previously producing reservoirs. As we go back in and try to capture the residual oil, chemical engineering concepts will be critical in designing processes to recover these resources.Many oil or gas recovery mechanisms are well understood, such as waterfloods or gas cap expansion. Fortunately for our profession, there are areas, such as steam and polymer floods, that still need the keen eyes of engineers to model and optimize. As we attempt to tackle the current global energy challenges, oil and gas will continue to be a key factor in the equation. While the focus of many chemical engineering graduates is in alternative energy solutions, there are still plenty of opportunities for a chemical engineer to make an impact in the world of upstream oil and gas.